Overview

Secure Boot is a UEFI feature that ensures only signed bootloaders can execute. The trust chain works as follows:

1. UEFI Firmware trusts Microsoft's UEFI CA
2. Shim is signed by Microsoft, so firmware trusts it
3. Shim contains the distro's key (e.g., Debian, Fedora) and trusts binaries signed by that key
4. Bootloader (GRUB or systemd-boot) is signed by the distro, so shim trusts it
5. Kernel is either signed or loaded via MOK (Machine Owner Key)

The Shim Bootloader

Shim is the critical component for Secure Boot. Key facts:

• Signed by Microsoft: UEFI firmware trusts it
• Contains distro key: Can verify distro-signed binaries
• Hardcoded to load grubx64.efi: Looks for this file in the same directory
• Only verifies signature: Doesn't care what grubx64.efi actually is

This last point is crucial: shim will happily load a signed systemd-boot binary as long as it's named grubx64.efi and signed by the distro key.

EFI Directory Layout

For systemd-boot (Debian/Ubuntu)

/boot/EFI/
├── BOOT/
│   ├── BOOTX64.EFI      <- shimx64.efi.signed (957KB)
│   ├── grubx64.efi      <- systemd-bootx64.efi.signed (125KB) - NOT GRUB!
│   └── mmx64.efi        <- mmx64.efi.signed (850KB, optional)
└── systemd/
    └── systemd-bootx64.efi  <- copy for bootctl discoverability

For GRUB2 (Fedora/RHEL)

/boot/EFI/
├── BOOT/
│   ├── BOOTX64.EFI      <- shimx64.efi
│   ├── grubx64.efi      <- signed grubx64.efi from container
│   └── mmx64.efi        <- MOK manager (optional)
└── fedora/              <- or centos, redhat
    └── grub.cfg         <- GRUB configuration

Source Locations for Signed Binaries

Debian/Ubuntu

Fedora/RHEL/CentOS

What NOT to Do

Do NOT install fbx64.efi

The fallback bootloader (fbx64.efi) causes a "Restore Boot Option" blue screen because:

1. fbx64.efi looks for EFI/<distro>/BOOTX64.CSV
2. Our setup uses EFI/BOOT/ (removable media path)
3. When CSV is not found, fbx64.efi shows the blue screen

We use efibootmgr to register boot entries instead.

Do NOT use unsigned binaries

• grub-install produces unsigned GRUB EFI binaries
• These will be rejected by Secure Boot
• Always use the signed binaries from the container image

Do NOT use signed systemd-boot directly as BOOTX64.EFI

• Distro signing keys are not in UEFI firmware's trust store
• Only Microsoft-signed binaries (like shim) are trusted directly
• Must go through shim chain

Do NOT assume EFI directory case

• Container extraction may create lowercase efi
• FAT32 is case-insensitive but case-preserving
• Use two-step rename: efi -> efi_tmp -> EFI

Debugging Guide

"Restore Boot Option" Blue Screen

Cause: fbx64.efi is being executed

Solution: Remove fbx64.efi from EFI/BOOT/

# From rescue environment
mount /dev/sda1 /mnt
rm /mnt/EFI/BOOT/fbx64.efi
umount /mnt
reboot

"Access Denied" Error

Cause: Secure Boot rejected an unsigned or incorrectly-signed binary

Solutions:

1. Ensure shim is used as BOOTX64.EFI (not systemd-boot directly)
2. Verify grubx64.efi is the signed binary from the container
3. Check that shim and bootloader are from the same distro

System Boots to Wrong Device

Cause: Boot order not set correctly

Solution:

# Check current order
efibootmgr -v

# Set your OS first (replace 0008 with your boot entry)
efibootmgr -o 0008,0002,0003

bootctl Shows "Secure Boot: disabled"

Possible causes:

1. Secure Boot not enabled in firmware
2. Booted directly, not through shim

Verification:

mokutil --sb-state  # Should say "SecureBoot enabled"

Investigation History (December 2025)

This section documents the debugging process that led to the current implementation.

Initial Problem

After installing a Debian system with systemd-boot using nbc, Secure Boot failed with various symptoms including "Restore Boot Option" blue screen.

Failed Attempt 1: Using unsigned bootloaders

• Tried using grub-install output directly
• Result: Secure Boot rejected the unsigned binary

Failed Attempt 2: Signed systemd-boot as BOOTX64.EFI

• Assumption: Distro-signed binaries are in Microsoft's trust chain
• Reality: They're not - only shim is Microsoft-signed
• Result: "Access Denied"

Failed Attempt 3: Shim + systemd-boot + fbx64.efi

• Included fbx64.efi thinking it was needed for boot recovery
• Result: "Restore Boot Option" blue screen
• Root cause: fbx64.efi couldn't find BOOTX64.CSV

Failed Attempt 4: Incorrect assumption about systemd-boot path

• Assumed systemd-boot couldn't work as grubx64.efi because it "needs to know its path"
• This was wrong - systemd-boot finds loader.conf relative to ESP root
• Wasted time trying alternative approaches

Working Solution

1. Shim as BOOTX64.EFI - Microsoft-signed, trusted by firmware
2. Signed systemd-boot as grubx64.efi - Distro-signed, trusted by shim
3. MOK manager - For key enrollment if needed
4. NO fbx64.efi - Causes blue screen

Key Insight

Shim doesn't care what grubx64.efi actually is. It only:

1. Looks for a file named grubx64.efi in the same directory
2. Verifies the signature against the embedded distro key
3. Loads and executes it if signature is valid

This means systemd-boot works perfectly as grubx64.efi because:

• It's signed by Debian's key
• Shim trusts Debian's key
• systemd-boot doesn't care what filename it's loaded as

Testing Secure Boot

Create a Secure Boot VM with Incus

# Create VM with Secure Boot enabled
incus launch images:debian/trixie myvm --vm \
  -c security.secureboot=true

# Attach install ISO
incus config device add myvm iso disk \
  source=/path/to/installer.iso boot.priority=10

# Start and connect
incus start myvm
incus console myvm

Verify Secure Boot Status

# Inside the running system
mokutil --sb-state
# Should output: SecureBoot enabled

bootctl status
# Should show: Secure Boot: enabled (user)

Verify Correct Binaries

# Check file sizes to identify binaries
ls -la /boot/EFI/BOOT/

# Expected:
# BOOTX64.EFI ~957KB (shim)
# grubx64.efi ~125KB (systemd-boot) or ~2MB (GRUB)
# mmx64.efi   ~850KB (MOK manager)

Related Files

• pkg/bootloader.go - Main bootloader installation code
• setupSystemdBootSecureBootChain() - systemd-boot Secure Boot setup
• setupSecureBootChain() - GRUB2 Secure Boot setup
• findShimEFI(), findSignedSystemdBootEFI(), etc. - Binary locators